Old-Fashioned Modernism: Rural Masculinity and Midwestern LiteratureThe Midwest holds two conflicting positions in the American cultural imagination, both of which rob the region of its distinctiveness. Often, it is seen as the "heartland," a pastoral ideal standing in for all of American culture. Alternatively, the Midwest can represent "flyover country," part of an expansive, undifferentiated mass between the coasts. In Old Fashioned Modernism: Rural Masculinity and Midwestern Literature, Andy Oler challenges both